Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The Effects of Gastrointestinal Surgery on Gut Microbiota: Potential Contribution to Improved Insulin Sensitivity

  • Lipid and Metabolic Effects of Gastrointestinal Surgery (F Rubino, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Atherosclerosis Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Bariatric surgery induces weight loss and major improvement in insulin-resistance through many mechanisms some of which are weight independent. It is now well acknowledged that gut microbiota is involved in the development of obesity and its related metabolic diseases, at least in mice. However, its causal role in human obesity progression remains to be demonstrated. Few studies now pointed at changes in microbiota composition after bariatric surgery, suggesting links between gut microbiota switch and metabolic improvement observed after surgery. As such new potential mechanisms of actions have been proposed. The aim of this review is to describe microbiota modifications observed after bariatric surgery and its potential relationships with improved insulin resistance. We here list some hypotheses, which will need further demonstration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: •• Of major importance

  1. Mutch DM, Clement K. Unraveling the genetics of human obesity. PLoS Genet. 2006;2(12):e188.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2008. JAMA. 2010;303(3):235–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Backhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(44):15718–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Ridaura VK, Faith JJ, Rey FE, Cheng J, Duncan AE, Kau AL, et al. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice. Science. 2013;341(6150):1241214. This study demonstrates for the first time that obesity phenotype in transmissble from human to mice via gut transplantation. The authors transferred gut microbiota from twins divergent in corpulence. Mice receiving the obese gut microbiota gained more weight than those who received microbiota from the lean twin. Those corpulence changes were highly dependent on the quality of food.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Serino M, Luche E, Gres S, Baylac A, Berge M, Cenac C, et al. Metabolic adaptation to a high-fat diet is associated with a change in the gut microbiota. Gut. 2012;61(4):543–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Henao-Mejia J, Elinav E, Jin C, Hao L, Mehal WZ, Strowig T, et al. Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity. Nature. 2012;482(7384):179–85.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Aron-Wisnewsky J, Gaborit B, Dutour A, Clement K. Gut microbiota and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: new insights. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19(4):338–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Karlsson FH, Tremaroli V, Nookaew I, Bergstrom G, Behre CJ, Fagerberg B, et al. Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control. Nature. 2013;498(7452):99–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Amar J, Chabo C, Waget A, Klopp P, Vachoux C, Bermudez-Humaran LG, et al. Intestinal mucosal adherence and translocation of commensal bacteria at the early onset of type 2 diabetes: molecular mechanisms and probiotic treatment. EMBO Mol Med. 2011;3(9):559–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Dyson PA. The therapeutics of lifestyle management on obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010;12(11):941–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Wing RR, Phelan S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(1 Suppl):222S–5S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Fried M, Yumuk V, Oppert JM, Scopinaro N, Torres AJ, Weiner R, et al. Interdisciplinary European guidelines on metabolic and bariatric surgery. Obes Facts. 2013;6(5):449–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Simpson SA, Shaw C, McNamara R. What is the most effective way to maintain weight loss in adults? BMJ. 2011;343:d8042.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sjostrom L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M, Torgerson J, Bouchard C, Carlsson B, et al. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(26):2683–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, Jensen MD, Pories W, Fahrbach K, et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;292(14):1724–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Sjostrom L, Peltonen M, Jacobson P, Sjostrom CD, Karason K, Wedel H, et al. Bariatric surgery and long-term cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2012;307(1):56–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kwok CS, Pradhan A, Khan MA, Anderson SG, Keavney BD, Myint PK, et al. Bariatric surgery and its impact on cardiovascular disease and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2014;173(1):20–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Adams TD, Gress RE, Smith SC, Halverson RC, Simper SC, Rosamond WD, et al. Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(8):753–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Turnbaugh PJ, Backhed F, Fulton L, Gordon JI. Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Cell Host Microbe. 2008;3(4):213–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, Ley RE, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature. 2009;457(7228):480–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 2012;486(7402):222–7.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Vrieze A, Van Nood E, Holleman F, Salojarvi J, Kootte RS, Bartelsman JF, et al. Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(4):913–6 e7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, Ramazzotti M, Poullet JB, Massart S, et al. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;107(33):14691–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Le Chatelier E, Nielsen T, Qin J, Prifti E, Hildebrand F, Falony G, et al. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature. 2013;500(7464):541–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cotillard A, Kennedy SP, Kong LC, Prifti E, Pons N, Le Chatelier E, et al. Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness. Nature. 2013;500(7464):585–8. Bacterial diversity is associated with metabolic profile in obese and overweight patients. Patients with low diversity (LGC) were more insulin-resistant and inflamed (at the systemic and adipose tissue level) than those with high gene count (HGC). Diet intervention is able to improve both metabolic profile and bacterial diversity. However bacterial diversity was able to predict good vs. bad responders.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T, Mende DR, et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2011;473(7346):174–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Qin J, Li Y, Cai Z, Li S, Zhu J, Zhang F, et al. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2012;490(7418):55–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science. 2011;334(6052):105–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Cani PD, Amar J, Iglesias MA, Poggi M, Knauf C, Bastelica D, et al. Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2007;56(7):1761–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Cani PD, Bibiloni R, Knauf C, Waget A, Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM, et al. Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes. 2008;57(6):1470–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Cani PD, Possemiers S, Van de Wiele T, Guiot Y, Everard A, Rottier O, et al. Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability. Gut. 2009;58(8):1091–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Everard A, Lazarevic V, Derrien M, Girard M, Muccioli GG, Neyrinck AM, et al. Responses of gut microbiota and glucose and lipid metabolism to prebiotics in genetic obese and diet-induced leptin-resistant mice. Diabetes. 2011;60(11):2775–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Amar J, Serino M, Lange C, Chabo C, Iacovoni J, Mondot S, et al. Involvement of tissue bacteria in the onset of diabetes in humans: evidence for a concept. Diabetologia. 2011;54(12):3055–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Gummesson A, Carlsson LM, Storlien LH, Backhed F, Lundin P, Lofgren L, et al. Intestinal permeability is associated with visceral adiposity in healthy women. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19(11):2280–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Savassi-Rocha AL, Diniz MT, Vilela EG, Diniz Mde F, Sanches SR, da Cunha AS, et al. Changes in intestinal permeability after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2014;24(2):184–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Furet JP, Kong LC, Tap J, Poitou C, Basdevant A, Bouillot JL. Differential adaptation of human gut microbiota to bariatric surgery-induced weight loss: links with metabolic and low-grade inflammation markers. Diabetes. 2010;59(12):3049–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Derrien M, Vaughan EE, Plugge CM, de Vos WM. Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004;54(Pt 5):1469–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Everard A, Belzer C, Geurts L, Ouwerkerk JP, Druart C, Bindels LB, et al. Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(22):9066–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Everard A, Lazarevic V, Gaia N, Johansson M, Stahlman M, Backhed F, et al. (2014). Microbiome of prebiotic-treated mice reveals novel targets involved in host response during obesity. ISME J Apr 3.

  40. Dixon JB, Straznicky NE, Lambert EA, Schlaich MP, Lambert GW. Surgical approaches to the treatment of obesity. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;8(8):429–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Schauer PR, Burguera B, Ikramuddin S, Cottam D, Gourash W, Hamad G, et al. Effect of laparoscopic roux-en Y gastric bypass on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg. 2003;238(4):467–84. discussion 84–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Buse JB, Caprio S, Cefalu WT, Ceriello A, Del Prato S, Inzucchi SE, et al. How do we define cure of diabetes? Diabetes Care. 2009;32(11):2133–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Pournaras DJ, Aasheim ET, Sovik TT, Andrews R, Mahon D, Welbourn R, et al. Effect of the definition of type II diabetes remission in the evaluation of bariatric surgery for metabolic disorders. Br J Surg. 2012;99(1):100–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K, Brethauer SA, Kirwan JP, Pothier CE, et al. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy in obese patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(17):1567–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, Guidone C, Iaconelli A, Leccesi L, et al. Bariatric surgery versus conventional medical therapy for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(17):1577–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Still CD, Wood GC, Benotti P, Petrick AT, Gabrielsen J, Strodel WE, et al. Preoperative prediction of type 2 diabetes remission after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(1):38–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Robert M, Ferrand-Gaillard C, Disse E, Espalieu P, Simon C, Laville M, et al. Predictive factors of type 2 diabetes remission 1 year after bariatric surgery: impact of surgical techniques. Obes Surg. 2013;23(6):770–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Reed MA, Pories WJ, Chapman W, Pender J, Bowden R, Barakat H, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass corrects hyperinsulinemia implications for the remission of type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(8):2525–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Thaler JP, Cummings DE. Minireview: hormonal and metabolic mechanisms of diabetes remission after gastrointestinal surgery. Endocrinology. 2009;150(6):2518–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Madsbad S, Dirksen C, Holst JJ. Mechanisms of changes in glucose metabolism and bodyweight after bariatric surgery. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(2):152–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, Banel D, Jensen MD, Pories WJ, et al. Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2009;122(3):248–56 e5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bavaresco M, Paganini S, Lima TP, Salgado Jr W, Ceneviva R, Dos Santos JE, et al. Nutritional course of patients submitted to bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2010;20(6):716–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Trostler N, Mann A, Zilberbush N, Avinoach E, Charuzi II. Weight loss and food intake 18 months following vertical banded gastroplasty or gastric bypass for severe obesity. Obes Surg. 1995;5(1):39–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Zheng H, Shin AC, Lenard NR, Townsend RL, Patterson LM, Sigalet DL, et al. Meal patterns, satiety, and food choice in a rat model of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;297(5):R1273–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Wilson-Perez HE, Chambers AP, Sandoval DA, Stefater MA, Woods SC, Benoit SC, et al. The effect of vertical sleeve gastrectomy on food choice in rats. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013;37(2):288–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. le Roux CW, Bueter M, Theis N, Werling M, Ashrafian H, Lowenstein C, et al. Gastric bypass reduces fat intake and preference. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011;301(4):R1057–66.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. DePaula AL, Macedo AL, Rassi N, Machado CA, Schraibman V, Silva LQ, et al. Laparoscopic treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus for patients with a body mass index less than 35. Surg Endosc. 2008;22(3):706–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Rubino F, Forgione A, Cummings DE, Vix M, Gnuli D, Mingrone G, et al. The mechanism of diabetes control after gastrointestinal bypass surgery reveals a role of the proximal small intestine in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Ann Surg. 2006;244(5):741–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Rubino F, Marescaux J. Effect of duodenal-jejunal exclusion in a non-obese animal model of type 2 diabetes: a new perspective for an old disease. Ann Surg. 2004;239(1):1–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Laferrere B, Teixeira J, McGinty J, Tran H, Egger JR, Colarusso A, et al. Effect of weight loss by gastric bypass surgery versus hypocaloric diet on glucose and incretin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(7):2479–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Laferrere B, Heshka S, Wang K, Khan Y, McGinty J, Teixeira J, et al. Incretin levels and effect are markedly enhanced 1 month after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(7):1709–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Van der Schueren BJ, Homel P, Alam M, Agenor K, Wang G, Reilly D, et al. Magnitude and variability of the glucagon-like peptide-1 response in patients with type 2 diabetes up to 2 years following gastric bypass surgery. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(1):42–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Nannipieri M, Baldi S, Mari A, Colligiani D, Guarino D, Camastra S, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: mechanisms of diabetes remission and role of gut hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(11):4391–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Jorgensen NB, Dirksen C, Bojsen-Moller KN, Jacobsen SH, Worm D, Hansen DL, et al. Exaggerated glucagon-like peptide 1 response is important for improved beta-cell function and glucose tolerance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2013;62(9):3044–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Bradley D, Conte C, Mittendorfer B, Eagon JC, Varela JE, Fabbrini E, et al. Gastric bypass and banding equally improve insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(12):4667–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Ferrannini E, Mingrone G. Impact of different bariatric surgical procedures on insulin action and beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(3):514–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Aron-Wisnewsky J, Tordjman J, Poitou C, Darakhshan F, Hugol D, Basdevant A, et al. Human adipose tissue macrophages: m1 and m2 cell surface markers in subcutaneous and omental depots and after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(11):4619–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Cancello R, Henegar C, Viguerie N, Taleb S, Poitou C, Rouault C, et al. Reduction of macrophage infiltration and chemoattractant gene expression changes in white adipose tissue of morbidly obese subjects after surgery-induced weight loss. Diabetes. 2005;54(8):2277–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Patti ME, Houten SM, Bianco AC, Bernier R, Larsen PR, Holst JJ, et al. Serum bile acids are higher in humans with prior gastric bypass: potential contribution to improved glucose and lipid metabolism. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17(9):1671–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Jansen PL, van Werven J, Aarts E, Berends F, Janssen I, Stoker J, et al. Alterations of hormonally active fibroblast growth factors after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Dig Dis. 2011;29(1):48–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Lips MA, de Groot GH, Berends FJ, Wiezer R, van Wagensveld BA, Swank DJ, et al. (2014). Calorie restriction and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass have opposing effects on circulating FGF21 in morbidly obese subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) May 19.

  72. Myronovych A, Kirby M, Ryan KK, Zhang W, Jha P, Setchell KD, et al. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy reduces hepatic steatosis while increasing serum bile acids in a weight-loss-independent manner. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(2):390–400.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Li JV, Reshat R, Wu Q, Ashrafian H, Bueter M, le Roux CW, et al. Experimental bariatric surgery in rats generates a cytotoxic chemical environment in the gut contents. Front Microbiol. 2011;2:183.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Li JV, Ashrafian H, Bueter M, Kinross J, Sands C, le Roux CW, et al. Metabolic surgery profoundly influences gut microbial-host metabolic cross-talk. Gut. 2011;60(9):1214–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Zhang H, DiBaise JK, Zuccolo A, Kudrna D, Braidotti M, Yu Y, et al. Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(7):2365–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Kong LC, Tap J, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Pelloux V, Basdevant A, Bouillot JL, et al. Gut microbiota after gastric bypass in human obesity: increased richness and associations of bacterial genera with adipose tissue genes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(1):16–24. This study demonstrates increased bacterial richness after surgery in matched obese patients before and 3 and 6 months after RYGB. Bacterial changes were associated with clinical characteristics modifications, half of these associations were weight dependent.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Graessler J, Qin Y, Zhong H, Zhang J, Licinio J, Wong ML, et al. (2012). Metagenomic sequencing of the human gut microbiome before and after bariatric surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: correlation with inflammatory and metabolic parameters. Pharmacogenomics J Oct 2.

  78. Liou AP, Paziuk M, Luevano Jr JM, Machineni S, Turnbaugh PJ, Kaplan LM. Conserved shifts in the gut microbiota due to gastric bypass reduce host weight and adiposity. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5(178):178ra41.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Carvalho BM, Guadagnini D, Tsukumo DM, Schenka AA, Latuf-Filho P, Vassallo J, et al. Modulation of gut microbiota by antibiotics improves insulin signalling in high-fat fed mice. Diabetologia. 2012;55(10):2823–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Aron-Wisnewsky J, Dore J, Clement K. The importance of the gut microbiota after bariatric surgery. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;9(10):590–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Cani PD. Metabolism in 2013: the gut microbiota manages host metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010;10(2):74–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Ryan KK, Tremaroli V, Clemmensen C, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Myronovych A, Karns R, et al. FXR is a molecular target for the effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Nature. 2014;509(7499):183–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Kugelberg E. Altered gut microbiota trigger weight loss. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10(5):259.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Kugelberg E. Surgery: altered gut microbiota trigger weight loss. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013;9(6):314.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Osto M, Abegg K, Bueter M, le Roux CW, Cani PD, Lutz TA. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in rats alters gut microbiota profile along the intestine. Physiol Behav. 2013;119:92–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Gerhard GS, Styer AM, Wood GC, Roesch SL, Petrick AT, Gabrielsen J, et al. A role for fibroblast growth factor 19 and bile acids in diabetes remission after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(7):1859–64. This study demonstrate the role of FXR-signaling and bile acids in metabolic improvement observed after restrictive bariatric surgery (sleeve gastrectomy).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Ravussin Y, Koren O, Spor A, LeDuc C, Gutman R, Stombaugh J, et al. Responses of gut microbiota to diet composition and weight loss in lean and obese mice. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20(4):738–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Walker AW, Ince J, Duncan SH, Webster LM, Holtrop G, Ze X, et al. Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota. ISME J. 2011;5(2):220–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Duncan SH, Belenguer A, Holtrop G, Johnstone AM, Flint HJ, Lobley GE. Reduced dietary intake of carbohydrates by obese subjects results in decreased concentrations of butyrate and butyrate-producing bacteria in feces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73(4):1073–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Duncan SH, Lobley GE, Holtrop G, Ince J, Johnstone AM, Louis P, et al. Human colonic microbiota associated with diet, obesity and weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(11):1720–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Harris K, Kassis A, Major G, Chou CJ. (2012). Is the gut microbiota a new factor contributing to obesity and its metabolic disorders? J Obes:879151.

  92. Clarke S, Murphy E, Nilaweera K, Ross P, Shanahan F, O'Toole PW, et al. (2012). The gut microbiota and its relationship to diet and obesity: New insights. Gut Microbes May 1;3(3).

  93. Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature. 2006;444(7122):1022–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Santacruz A, Marcos A, Warnberg J, Marti A, Martin-Matillas M, Campoy C, et al. Interplay between weight loss and gut microbiota composition in overweight adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17(10):1906–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Nadal I, Santacruz A, Marcos A, Warnberg J, Garagorri M, Moreno LA, et al. Shifts in clostridia, bacteroides and immunoglobulin-coating fecal bacteria associated with weight loss in obese adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009;33(7):758–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

Conflict of Interest

Judith Aron-Wisnewsky and Karine Clement declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1166 I, ICAN, Nutriomics team, F-75005, Paris, France

    Judith Aron-Wisnewsky & Karine Clement

  2. INSERM, UMR_S U1166, Nutriomics team, F-75013, Paris, France

    Judith Aron-Wisnewsky & Karine Clement

  3. Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition Department, F-75013, Paris, France

    Judith Aron-Wisnewsky & Karine Clement

Authors
  1. Judith Aron-Wisnewsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Karine Clement
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Karine Clement.

Additional information

This article is part of Topical Collection on Lipid and Metabolic Effects of Gastrointestinal Surgery

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Aron-Wisnewsky, J., Clement, K. The Effects of Gastrointestinal Surgery on Gut Microbiota: Potential Contribution to Improved Insulin Sensitivity. Curr Atheroscler Rep 16, 454 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-014-0454-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-014-0454-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation