Skip to main content

Top Ten Screening Tools for Measuring Depression in People with Diabetes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Screening for Depression and Other Psychological Problems in Diabetes

Abstract

Both research and clinical practice strongly suggest that it is important to screen for and treat symptoms of depression in order to optimize diabetes self-care and facilitate both physical and psychological well-being in people with diabetes. Current evidence indicates that at least one third of people with diabetes may suffer from clinically relevant depressive disorders, with an even greater proportion reporting lower levels of symptoms that may still have a negative impact on quality of life. However, questions still remain as to the most appropriate ways of identifying people suffering from depression. Most people with diabetes are cared for by their primary care physician, and it is in this setting that there are key opportunities for screening and providing care for mental health problems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Lloyd CE. Diabetes and mental health; the problem of co-morbidity. Diabet Med. 2010;27:853–4.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Lloyd CE, Pambianco G, Orchard TJ. Does diabetes-related distress explain the presence of depressive symptoms and/or poor self-care in individuals with type 1 diabetes? Diabet Med. 2010;27(2):234–7.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;6:1069–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ali S, Stone M, Peters J, Davies M, Khunti K. The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2006;23:1165–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Barnard K, Skinner T, Peveler R. The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with type 1 diabetes: systematic literature review. Diabet Med. 2006;23:445–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Henkel V, Mergl R, Kohnen R, Allgaier AK, Moller HJ, Hegerl U. Use of brief depression screening tools in primary care: consideration of heterogeneity in performance in different patient groups. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004;26:190–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Babaei F, Mitchell AJ. Screening for depression in medical settings: the case against specific scales. In: Mitchell AJ, Coyne JC, editors. Screening for depression in clinical practice. New York: Oxford University Press; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Roy T, Lloyd CE, Pouwer F, Holt RIG, Sartorius N. Depression screening tools used for measuring depression among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes; a systematic review. Diabet Med. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03401.x.

  9. Radloff LS. A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Krichbaum M, et al. How to screen for depression and emotional problems in patients with diabetes; comparison of screening characteristics of depression questionnaires, measurement of diabetes specific emotional problems and standard clinical assessment. Diabetologia. 2006;49:469–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. McHale M, Hendrikz J, Dann F, Kenardy J. Screening for depression in patients with diabetes mellitus. Psychosom Med. 2008;70(8):869–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fisher L, Skaff MM, Mullan JT, Arean P, Mohr D, Masharani U, Glasgow R, Laurencin G. Clinical depression versus distress among patients with type 2 diabetes. Not just a question of semantics. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:542–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Pouwer F, Skinner TC, Pibernik-Okanovic M, Beekman ATF, Cradock S, Szabo S, Metelko Z, Snoek FJ. Serious diabetes-specific emotional problems and depression in a Croatian-Dutch-English survey from the Depression in Diabetes Research Consortium. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;70:166–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Pibernik-Okanovic M, Begic D, Peros K, Szabo S, Metelko Z. Psychosocial factors contributing to persistent depressive symptoms in type 2 diabetes patients: a Croatian survey from the European Depression in Diabetes Research Consortium. J Diabetes Complications. 2008;22:246–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Fisher L, Skaff MM, Mullan JT, Arean P, Glasgow R, Masharani U. A longitudinal study of affective and anxiety disorders, depressive affect and diabetes distress in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2008;25:1096–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Golden SH, Lee HB, Schreiner PJ, Roux AD, Fitzpatrick AL, Szklo M, et al. Depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis. Psychosom Med. 2007;69(6):529–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. De Groot M, Pinkerman B, Wagner J, Hockman E. Depression treatment and satisfaction in a multicultural sample of type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:549–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bisschop MI, Kriegsman DMW, Deeg DJH, Beekman ATF, Van Tilburg W. The longitudinal relation between chronic diseases and depression in older persons in the community: the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. J Clin Epidermiol. 2004;57:187–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Geisser ME, Roth RS, Robinson ME. Assessing depression among persons with chronic back pain using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. Clin J Pain. 1977;13:163–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Wulsin LR, Singal BM. Do depressive symptoms increase the risk for the onset of coronary disease? A systematic quantitative review. Psychosom Med. 2003;65:201–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Grzywacz JG, Hovey JD, Seligman LD, Arcury TA, Quandt SA. Evaluating short-form versions of the CES-D for measuring depressive symptoms among immigrants from Mexico. Hispanic J Behav Sci. 2006;28:404–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mock J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Beck AT, Garbin MG. Psychometric properties of the Beck depression inventory: 25 years of evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev. 1988;8:77–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Beck depression inventory manual. 2nd ed. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hermanns N, Kulzer B. Diabetes and depression – a burdensome co-morbidity. Eur Endocrinol. 2007;4(2):19–22.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Van Tilburg MAL, McCaskill CC, Lane JD, Edwards CL, Bethel A, Feinglos MN, Surwit RS. Depressed mood is a factor in glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. Psychosom Med. 2001;63:551–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Palinkas LA, Barrett-Connor E, Wingard DL. Type 2 diabetes and depressive symptoms in older adults: a population based study. Diabet Med. 1991;8:532–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Gendelman N, Snell-Bergeon JK, McFann K, Kinney G, Wadwa RP, Bishop F, Rewers M, Maahs DM. Prevalence and correlates of depression in individuals with and without type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(4):575–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Lloyd CE, Zgibor J, Wilson RR, Barnett AH, Dyer PH, Orchard TJ. Cross-cultural comparisons of anxiety and depression in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2003;19:401–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Arnau RC, Meagher MW, Norris MP, Bramson R. Psychometric evaluation of the Beck depression inventory-II with primary care medical patients. Health Psychol. 2001;20:112–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Patient Health Questionnaire Primary Care Study Group. Validation and utility of a self-report version of the PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. JAMA. 1999;282:1737–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:606–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Katon W, Von Korff M, Ciechanowski P, Russo J, Lin E, Simon G, Ludman E, Walker E, Bush T, Young B. Behavioural and clinical factors associated with depression among individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:914–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Lowe B, Kroenke K, Herzog W, Grafe K. Measuring depression outcome with a brief self-report instrument: sensitivity to change of the Patient Health Questionnaire. J Affect Disord. 2004;81:61–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Katon W, Russo J, Lin EHB, et al. Diabetes and poor disease control: is depression associated with poor adherence or lack of treatment intensification? Psychosom Med. 2009;71:965–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ludman EJ, Katon W, Russo J, von Korff M, Simon G, Ciechanoswski P, et al. Depression and diabetes symptom burden. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004;26:430–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Faisal F, Asghar S, Zafar M, Hydrie I, Fawwad A, Basit A, Shera S, Hussain A. Depression and diabetes in high-risk urban population of Pakistan. Open Diabet J. 2010;3:1–5. 11876–5246/10 2010 Bentham Open.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Lloyd CE, Roy T, Begum S, Mughal S, Barnett AH. Measuring psychological wellbeing in South Asians with diabetes: a qualitative investigation of the PHQ-9 and the WHO-5 as potential screening tools for measuring symptoms of depression. Diabet Med. 2012;29:140–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Snaith RP, Zigmond AS. Hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acyta Psychiatry Scand. 1983;67:361–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Lloyd CE, Dyer PH, Barnett AH. Prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in a diabetes clinic population. Diabet Med. 2000;17:198–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Engum A, Mykletun A, Midthjell K, Holen A, Dahl A. Depression and diabetes: a large population-based study of sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors associated with depression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1904–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Shaban MC, Fosbury J, Kerr D, Cavan DA. The prevalence of depression and anxiety in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2006;23:1381–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Montazeri A, Vahdaninia M, Ebrahimi M, Jarvandi S. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1:14. Online at http://www.hqlo.com/content/1/1/14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bjelland I, Dahl AA, TangenHaug T, et al. The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: an updated literature review. J Psychosom Res. 2002;52:69–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Collins MM, Corcoran P, Perry IJ. Anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with diabetes. Diabet Med. 2009;26:153–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Dickens CM, Percival C, Mcgowan L, Douglas J, Tomenson B, Cotter L, Heagerty A, Creed FH. The risk factors for depression in first myocardial infarction patients. Psychol Med. 2004;34:1083–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Carroll BT, Kathol RG, Noyes R, Wald TG, Clamon GH. Screening for depression and anxiety in cancer patients using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1993;15:69–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Tyrer S. Psychiatric assessment of chronic pain. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;160:733–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Keeley P, Creed F, Tomenson B, Todd C, Borglin G, Dickens C. Psychosocial predictors of health-related quality of life and health service utilisation in people with chronic low back pain. Pain. 2008;135:142–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Gore M, Brandenburg NA, Dukes E, Hoffman DL, Tai K, Stacey B. Pain severity in diabetic peripheral neuropathy is associated with patient functioning, symptom levels of anxiety and depression, and sleep. J Pain Symp Manage. 2005;30:374–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Vileikyte L, Leventhal H, Gonzalez JS, Peyrot M, Rubin RR, Ulbrecht JS, et al. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and depressive symptoms. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2378–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Herrmann C. International experiences with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – a review of validation data and clinical results. J Psychosom Res. 1997;42:17–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Michopoulos I, Douzenis A, Kalkavoura C, Christodoulou C, Michalopoulou P, Kalemi G, Fineti K, Patapis P, Protopapas K, Lykouras L. Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS): validation in a Greek general hospital sample. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2008;7:4. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-7-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Zung WWK. A self-rating depression scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1965;12:63-70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Campo-Arias A, Dlaz-Martinez LA, Rueda-Jaimes GE, Cadena LDP, Hernandez NL. Validation of the Zung self-rating depression scale among the Columbian general population. Soc Behav Personal. 2006;34:87-94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Yoshida S, Hirai M, Suzuki S, Awata S, Oka Y. Neuropathy is associated with depression independently of health-related quality of life in Japanese patients with diabetes. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;63(1):65–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Xu L, Ren J, Cheng M, Tang K, Dong M, Hou X, Sun L, Chen L. Depressive symptoms and risk factors in Chinese persons with type 2 diabetes. Arch Med Res. 2004;35(4):301–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Yu R, Y-Hua L, Hong L. Depression in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Int J Diabet Dev Countries. 2010;30(2):102–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Yang J, Li S, Zheng Y. Predictors of depression in Chinese community-dwelling people with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18(9):1295–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Rajala U, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and depression in a middle-aged Finnish population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1997;32:363–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Kawakami N, Takatsuka N, Shimizu H, Ishibashi H. Depressive symptoms and occurrence of type 2 diabetes among Japanese men. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1071–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Zung WWK. The depression status inventory: an adjunct to the self-rating depression scale. J Clin Psychol. 1972;28:539–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Romano C, De Giovanni L, Santoro PE, Spataro M. The relationship between mobbing and depression syndrome in the female working population of service industry: the problem statement and the prevention strategies in Sicilian environment. G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 2007;29(3):675–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kiljunen M, Sulkava R, Niinistö L, Polvikoski T, Verkkoniemi A, Halonen P. Depression measured by the Zung depression status inventory is very rare in a Finnish population aged 85 years and over. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997;9(3):359–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lupsakko T, Mäntyjärvi M, Kautiainen H, Sulkava R. Combined hearing and visual impairment and depression in a population aged 75 years and older. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(9):808–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Funke HJ, Holtmann W, Ismail S, Jansen W, Leonhardt KF, Muth H, Omer LM, O’Connolly M, Ramm H. Double-blind comparison of diclofensine with nomifensine in outpatients with dysphoric mood. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1986;19(3):120–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ware JE. SF-36 health survey. Manual and interpretation guide. Boston: The Health Institute; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Hemingway H, Nicholson A, Stafford M, Roberts R, Marmot M. The impact of socioeconomic status on health functioning as assessed by the SF-36 questionnaire: the Whitehall study. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:1484–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Goldney RD, Phillips PJ, Fisher LJ, Wilson DH. Diabetes, depression and quality of life. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1066–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Lange LJ, Piette JD. Perceived health status and perceived diabetes control: psychological indicators and accuracy. J Psychosom Res. 2005;58:129–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Claiborne N, Massaro E. Mental quality of life: an indicator of unmet needs in patients with diabetes. Soc Work Health Care. 2000;32:25–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SD. A 12-item short-form health survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability. Med Care. 1996;34:220–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ware JE, Kosinski M, Turner-Bowker DM, Gandek B. User’s manual for the SF-12v2TM health survey. Boston: QualityMetric Incorporated Lincoln, and Health Assessment Lab; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Bair MJ, Brizendine EJ, Ackermann RT, Shen C, Kroenke K, Marrero DG. Prevalence of pain and association with quality of life, depression and glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. Diabet Med. 2010;27:57–584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23:56–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Williams JB. A structured interview guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45:742–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Kokoszka A, Pouwer F, Jodko A, Radzio R, Mucko P, Bienkowska J, et al. Serious diabetes-specific emotional problems in patients with type 2 diabetes who have different levels of comorbid depression: a Polish study from the European Depression in Diabetes (EDID) Research Consortium. Eur Psychiatry. 2009;24(7):425–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Agbir TM, Audu MD, Adebowale TO, Goar SG. Depression among medical outpatients with diabetes: a cross-sectional study at Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2010;9(1):5–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Olden M, Rosenfeld B, Pessin H, Breitbart W. Measuring depression at the end of life: is the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale a valid instrument? Assessment. 2009;16:43–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Bagby RM, Ryder AG, Schuller DR, Marchall MB. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: has the gold standard become a lead weight? Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:2163–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, Ustun TB, Piccinelli M, Gureje O, Rutter C. The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychol Med. 1997;27:191–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Jacob KS, Bhugra D, Mann AH. The validation of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among ethnic Indian women living in the United Kingdom. Psychol Med. 1997;27:1215–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Bhui K, Bhugra D, Goldberg D. Cross-cultural validity of the Amritsar Depression Inventory and the General Health Questionnaire amongst English and Punjabi primary care attenders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2000;35:248–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Esteban y Peña MM, Hernandez Barrera V, Fernández Cordero X, de Gil Miguel A, Rodríguez Pérez M, Lopez-de Andres A, et al. Self-perception of health status, mental health and quality of life among adults with diabetes residing in a metropolitan area. Diabetes Metab. 2010;36(4):305–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Pirkola S, Saarni S, Suvisaari J, Elovainio M, Partonen T, Aalto AM, et al. General health and quality-of-life measures in active, recent, and comorbid mental disorders: a population-based health 2000 study. Compr Psychiatry. 2009;50(2):108–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Bech P. Rating scales for psychopathology, health status and quality of life. A compendium on documentation in accordance with the DSM-III-R and WHO systems. Berlin: Springer; 1993.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  87. Bech P, Olsen RL, Kjoller M, Rasmussen NK. Measuring well-being rather than the absence of distress symptoms: a comparison of the SF-36 Mental Health subscale and the WHO-Five Well-Being Scale. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2003;12:85–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Bech P. Measuring the dimensions of psychological general well-being by the WHO-5. QoL Newsl. 2004;32:15–6.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Aujla N, Abrams KR, Davies MJ, Taub N, Skinner TC, Khunti K. The prevalence of depression in white-European and South-Asian people with impaired glucose regulation and screen-detected type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One. 2009;4(11):e7755.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Awata S, Bech P, Yoshida S, Hirai M, Suzuki S, Yamashita M, Ohara A, Hinokio Y, Matsuoka H, Oka Y. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index in the context of detecting depression in diabetic patients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;61:112–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Papanas N, Tsapas A, Papatheodorou K, Papazoglou D, Bekiari E, Sariganni M, Paletas K, Maltezos E. Glycaemic control is correlated with Well-Being Index (WHO-5) in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2010;118:364–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Saipanish R, Lotrakul M, Sumrithe S. Reliability and validity of the Thai version of the WHO-Five Well-Being Index in primary care patients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;63:141–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Sibai AM, Chaaya M, Tohme RA, Mahfoud Z, Al-Amin H. Validation of the Arabic version of the 5-item WHO Well Being Index in elderly population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24:106–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Birket-Smith M, Rasmussen A. Screening for mental disorders in cardiology outpatients. Nord J Psychiatry. 2008;62:147–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Bech P, Rasmussen NA, Olsen LR, Noerholm V, Abildgaard W. The sensitivity and specificity of the Major Depression Inventory, using the Present State Examination as the index of diagnosis validity. J Affect Disord. 2001;66:159–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Fountoulakis KN, Iacovides A, Kleanthous S, Samolis S, Gougoulia K, Kaprinis SG, Bech P. Reliability, validity and psychometric properties of the Greek translation of the Major Depression Inventory. BMC Psychiatry. 2003;3:2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Olsen LR, Jensen DV, Noerholm V, Martiny K, Bech P. The internal and external validity of the Major Depression Inventory in measuring depressive states. Psychol Med. 2003;33:351–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Bech P. Health-related quality of life measurements in the assessment of pain clinic results. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1999;43:893–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Bech P, Wermuth L. Applicability and validity of the Major Depression Inventory in patients with Parkinsons disease. Nord Psykiatr Tidsskr. 1998;52:305–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;134:382–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Zimmerman M, Chelminski I, Posternak M. A review of studies of the Hamilton depression rating scale in health controls: implications for the definition of remission in treatment studies of depression. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192:595–601.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Fantino B, Moore N. The self-reported Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale is a useful evaluative tool in major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2009;9:26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Svanborg P, Asberg M. A new self-rating scale for depression and anxiety states based on the comprehensive psychopathological rating scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;89:21–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Asghar S, Hussain A, Ali S, Khan A, Magnusson A. Prevalence of depression and diabetes: a population-based study from rural Bangladesh. Diabet Med. 2007;24:872–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Zahid N, Asghar S, Claussen B, Hussain A. Depression and diabetes in a rural community in Pakistan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;79:124–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Tandberg E, Larsen JP, Aarsland D, Cummings JL. The occurrence of depression in Parkinson’s disease. A community-based study. Arch Neurol. 1996;53:175–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Paile-Hyvärinen M, Wahlbeck K, Eriksson JG. Quality of life and metabolic status in mildly depressed women with type 2 diabetes treated with paroxetine: a single-blind randomised placebo controlled trial. BMC Fam Pract. 2003;4:7. Epub 2003 May 14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Biggs JT, Wylie LT, Ziegler VE. Validity of the Zung self-rating depression scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1978;132:381–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Cathy E. Lloyd Ph.D. or Tapash Roy MBBS, M.Sc., Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lloyd, C.E., Roy, T. (2013). Top Ten Screening Tools for Measuring Depression in People with Diabetes. In: Lloyd, C., Pouwer, F., Hermanns, N. (eds) Screening for Depression and Other Psychological Problems in Diabetes. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-751-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-751-8_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-85729-750-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-85729-751-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics