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04-27-2016 | Retinopathy | Book chapter | Article

58. Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Authors: Colin J. Prensky, MD, John E. Legarreta, MD

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) is characterized by dot/blot hemorrhages, flame-shaped hemorrhages, microaneurysms, hard exudates, cotton wool spots, venous beading, venous loops, and IRMA.
Literature
1.
American Academy of Ophthalmology Retina/Vitreous Panel. Preferred practice pattern guidelines. Diabetic retinopathy. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2008. www.​aao.​org/​ppp.
2.
Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS report number 9. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(5 Suppl):766–85.
3.
Hammes H-P, et al. Pericytes and the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 2002;51(10):3107–12. doi:10.​2337/​diabetes.​51.​10.​3107.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Wilkinson CP, et al. Proposed International clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1677–82.CrossRefPubMed

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