Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The Detection and Management of Diabetes Distress in People With Type 1 Diabetes

  • Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes (M Pietropaolo, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Diabetes Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Diabetes distress (DD) represents a significant clinical burden in which levels of DD are related to both glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and some self-management behaviours. DD is related to, but different from, depression. Differences in DD experienced in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes have been observed. Commonly measured using the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) and the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS), rates of elevated DD in research study participants range from 20 to 30 %. Risk factors for elevated DD in type 1 diabetes are longer duration of diabetes, severe hypoglycaemia, younger age and being female. A systematic review of intervention studies assessing DD identified eight randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and nine pre-post design studies. Only three studies targeted DD with the intervention. Intervention types were diabetes self-management education (DSME), psychologically informed self-management and devices. DSME pre-post studies, namely the Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating (DAFNE) programme, produced more consistent improvements in DD and HbA1c at follow-up. Psychologically informed self-management was more heterogeneous, but several RCTs were effective in reducing DD. Group interventions offered the greatest benefits across intervention designs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

DD:

Diabetes distress

RCT:

Randomised controlled trial

HbA1c:

Glycated haemoglobin

DAFNE:

Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating

DSME:

Diabetes self-management education

PAID:

Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale

DDS:

Diabetes Distress Scale

SD:

Standard deviation

CGM:

Continuous glucose monitoring

CBT:

Cognitive behaviour therapy

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Fisher L, Gonzalez JS, Polonsky WH. The confusing tale of depression and distress in patients with diabetes: a call for greater clarity and precision. Diabet Med. 2014;31(7):764–72. This paper offers perspectives on the depression-DD distinction.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Esbitt SA, Tanenbaum ML, Gonzalez JS. Disentangling clinical depression from diabetes-specific distress: making sense of the mess we’ve made. 2013. In: Screening for depression and other psychological problems in diabetes [Internet]. London: Springer. Available from: http://shibboleth.ovid.com/secure/?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=psyc10&AN=2012-23566-002. http://sfx.kcl.ac.uk/kings?sid=OVID:psycdb&id=pmid:&id=doi:10.1007%2F978-0-85729-751-8_2&genre=article&atitle=Disentangling+clinical+depression+from+diabetes-specific+distress%3A+Making+sense+of+the+mess+we%27ve+made.&title=&issn=&date=2013&volume=&issue=&spage=27&aulast=Esbitt%2C+Sabrina+A&isbn=978-0-85729-750-1&__char_set=utf8.

  3. Friis AM, Johnson MH, Cutfield RG, Consedine NS. Does kindness matter? Self-compassion buffers the negative impact of diabetes-distress on HbA. Diabet Med: J Br Diabet Assoc. 2015 Apr 2.

  4. Sturt J, Dennick K, Hessler D, Hunter B, Oliver J, Purrsell E, et al. High rates of elevated diabetes distress in research populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes UK Professional Conference; London, UK, 2015.

  5. Lerman-Garber I, Barron-Uribe C, Calzada-Leon R, Mercado-Atri M, Vidal-Tamayo R, Quintana S, et al. Emotional dysfunction associated with diabetes in Mexican adolescents and young adults with type-1 diabetes. Salud Publica Mex. 2003;45(1):13–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Martyn-Nemeth P, Quinn L, Hacker E, Park H, Kujath AS. Diabetes distress may adversely affect the eating styles of women with type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2014;51(4):683–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Reddy J, Wilhelm K, Campbell L. Putting PAID to diabetes-related distress: the potential utility of the problem areas in diabetes (PAID) scale in patients with diabetes. Psychosomatics. 2013;54(1):44–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Balfe M, Doyle F, Smith D et al. What’s distressing about having type 1 diabetes? A qualitative study of young adults’ perspectives. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2013 Jul 2013;13(25). First and only qualitative study eliciting the experience of DD in general but also specifically in type 1 diabetes.

  9. Tanenbaum ML, Gonzalez JS. The influence of diabetes on a clinician-rated assessment of depression in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Educ. 2012;38(5):695–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Sturt J MK, Dennick K, Narasimha M, Sankar S & Kumar S. What characterises diabetes distress and its resolution? A documentary analysis. International Diabetes Nursing. 2015a.

  11. Snoek FJ, Bremmer MA, Hermanns N. Constructs of depression and distress in diabetes: time for an appraisal. Lancet Diabet Endocrinol. 2015;3(6):450–60. This paper offers perspectives on the depression-DD distinction.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Pouwer F, Skinner TC, Pibernik-Okanovic M, Beekman ATF, Cradock S, Szabo S, et al. Serious diabetes-specific emotional problems and depression in a Croatian-Dutch-English survey from the European Depression in Diabetes [EDID] Research Consortium. Diabet Res Clin Pract. 2005;70(2):166–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Lloyd CE, Pambianco G, Orchard TJ. Does diabetes-related distress explain the presence of depressive symptoms and/or poor self-care in individuals with type 1 diabetes? Diabet Med. 2010;27(2):234–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ehrmann D, Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Bergis N, Maier B, Haak T. Depression in diabetes: the role of diabetes-related distress on incidence and recovery. Diabetologia. 2013; Conference: 49th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, EASD 2013, Barcelona, Spain. Conference start: 20130923. Conference end: 7. Conference Publication: (var.pagings). 56 (p. S463).

  15. Snoek FJ, Kersch NY, Eldrup E, Harman-Boehm I, Hermanns N, Kokoszka A, et al. Monitoring of Individual Needs in Diabetes (MIND)-2: follow-up data from the cross-national Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes, and Needs (DAWN) MIND study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(11):2128–32.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ehrmann D, Hermanns N, Haak T, Kulzer B. The influence of diabetes-related distress on depression. Diabetes. 2014; Conference: 74th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, San Francisco, CA, USA. Conference start: 20140613. Conference end: 7. Conference Publication: (var.pagings). 63 (p. A201).

  17. Gask L, Macdonald W, Bower P. What is the relationship between diabetes and depression? A qualitative meta-synthesis of patient experience of co-morbidity. Chronic Illn. 2011;7(3):239–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Gonzalez JS, Fisher L, Polonsky WH. Depression in diabetes: have we been missing something important? Diabetes Care. 2011;34(1):236–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Polonsky W, Anderson B, Lohrer P, Welch G, Jacobson A, Aponte J, et al. Assessment of diabetes-related distress. Diabetes Care. 1995;18(6):754–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Polonsky W, Fisher L, Earles J, Dudl RJ, Lees J, Mullan J, et al. Assessing psychosocial distress in diabetes: development of the diabetes distress scale. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(3):626–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Joensen LE, Tapager I, Willaing I. Diabetes distress in type 1 diabetes—a new measurement fit for purpose. Diabet Med: J Br Diabet Assoc. 2013;30(9):1132–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Welch G, Weinger K, Anderson B, Polonsky WH. Responsiveness of the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire. Diabet Med. 2003;20(1):69–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Markowitz JT, Volkening LK, Butler DA, Antisdel-Lomaglio J, Anderson BJ, Laffel LM. Re-examining a measure of diabetes-related burden in parents of young people with type 1 diabetes: the Problem Areas in Diabetes Survey-Parent Revised version (PAID-PR). Diabet Med. 2012;29(4):526–30.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Weissberg-Benchell J, Antisdel-Lomaglio J. Diabetes-specific emotional distress among adolescents: feasibility, reliability, and validity of the problem areas in diabetes—teen version. Pediatr Diabetes. 2011;12(4 Pt 1):341–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Snoek FJ, Pouwer F, Welch GW, Polonsky WH. Diabetes-related emotional distress in Dutch and U.S. diabetic patients: cross-cultural validity of the problem areas in diabetes scale. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(9):1305–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Amsberg S, Wredling R, Lins PE, Adamson U, Johansson UB. The psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (Swe-PAID-20): scale development. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008;45(9):1319–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Fisher L, Polonsky W, Hessler D, Stryker L, Masharani U, Blumer I, et al. A new validated measure of diabetes distress for adults with type 1 diabetes. 74th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, San Francisco, CA, USA; 2014.

  28. Sturt J, Dennick K, Hessler D, Hunter B, Oliver J, Fisher L. Effective interventions for reducing diabetes distress: systematic review and meta-analysis. International Diabetes Nursing. 2015b. The first meta-analysis of effective interventions for managing DD in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

  29. Jones A, Olsen MZ, Perrild HJ, Willaing I. The psychological impact of living with diabetes: descriptive findings from the DAWN2 study in Denmark. Primary Care Diabetes. 2015 Apr 15.

  30. Fisher L, Glasgow RE, Mullan JT, Skaff MM, Polonsky WH. Development of a brief diabetes distress screening instrument. Ann Fam Med. 2008;6(3):246–52.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. McGuire BE, Morrison TG, Hermanns N, Skovlund S, Eldrup E, Gagliardino J, et al. Short-form measures of diabetes-related emotional distress: the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID)-5 and PAID-1. Diabetologia. 2010;53(1):66–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Law GU, Walsh J, Queralt V, Nouwen A. Adolescent and parent diabetes distress in type 1 diabetes: the role of self-efficacy, perceived consequences, family responsibility and adolescent-parent discrepancies. J Psychosom Res. 2013;74(4):334–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Strandberg RB, Graue M, Wentzel-Larsen T, Peyrot M, Thordarson HB, Rokne B. Longitudinal relationship between diabetes-specific emotional distress and follow-up HbA1c concentration in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2015. The first prospective study of the association between DD and HbA1c in type 1 diabetes.

  34. Peyrot MMJJ, Kruger DF. A biopsychosocial model of glycaemic control in diabetes: stress, coping and regimen adherence. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40(2):141–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Weinger K, Jacobson AM. Psychosocial and quality of life correlates of glycemic control during intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes. Patient Educ Couns. 2001;42(2):123–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Zagarins SE, Allen NA, Garb JL, Welch G. Improvement in glycemic control following a diabetes education intervention is associated with change in diabetes distress but not change in depressive symptoms. J Behav Med. 2012;35(3):299–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ali Z, Patel NH. Glycaemic control, emotional attitudes and quality of life in patients living with type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2013; Conference: Diabetes UK Professional Conference 2013, Manchester, UK. Conference start: 20130313. Conference end: 5. Conference Publication: (var.pagings). 30 (pp. 104–105).

  38. Sheils E, Knott J, Cavan D, Shaban C. Fear of hypoglycaemia: is there an association with glycaemic control, hypoglycaemic symptoms and diabetes emotional distress in people with type 1 diabetes? Diabetic Medicine. 2012; Conference: Diabetes UK Professional Conference 2012, Glasgow, UK. Conference start: 20120307. Conference end: 9. Conference Publication: (var.pagings). 29 (p. 157).

  39. Strandberg RB, Graue M, Wentzel-Larsen T, Peyrot M, Rokne B. Relationships of diabetes-specific emotional distress, depression, anxiety, and overall well-being with HbA1c in adult persons with type 1 diabetes. J Psychosom Res. 2014;77(3):174–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Aikens JE. Prospective associations between emotional distress and poor outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(12):2472–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Fisher L, Mullan JT, Arean P, Glasgow RE, Hessler D, Masharani U. Diabetes distress but not clinical depression or depressive symptoms is associated with glycemic control in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(1):23–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Fisher L, Glasgow RE, Strycker LA. The relationship between diabetes distress and clinical depression with glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(5):1034–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Polonsky WH, Anderson BJ, Lohrer PA, Aponte JE, Jaconson AM, Cole CF. Insulin omission in women with IDDM. Diabetes Care. 1994;10:1178–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Goebel-Fabbri AEAB, Fikkan J, Franko DL, Pearson K, Weinger K. Improvement and emergence of insulin restriction in women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(3):545–50.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. van Bastelaar KM, Pouwer F, Geelhoed-Duijvestijn PH, Tack CJ, Bazelmans E, Beekman AT, et al. Diabetes-specific emotional distress mediates the association between depressive symptoms and glycaemic control in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2010;27(7):798–803.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Pibernik-Okanovic M, Grgurevic M, Begic D, Szabo S, Metelko Z. Interaction of depressive symptoms and diabetes-related distress with glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2008;25(10):1252–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Schmitt A, Reimer A, Kulzer B, Haak T, Gahr A, Hermanns N. Negative association between depression and diabetes control only when accompanied by diabetes-specific distress. J Behav Med. 2014;38(3):556–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Graue M, Haugstvedt A, Wentzel-Larsen T, Iversen MM, Karlsen B, Rokne B. Diabetes-related emotional distress in adults: reliability and validity of the Norwegian versions of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) and the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS). Int J Nurs Stud. 2012;49(2):174–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Zoffmann V, Vistisen D, Due-Christensen M. A cross-sectional study of glycaemic control, complications and psychosocial functioning among 18- to 35-year-old adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2014;31(4):493–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Byrne M, Newell J, Coffey N, MC OH, Cooke D, Dinneen SF. Predictors of quality of life gains among people with type 1 diabetes participating in the Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) structured education programme. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;98(2):243–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ting RZ, Nan H, Mandy WM, Kong AP, Ma RC, Wong RY, et al. Diabetes-related distress and physical and psychological health in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(5):1094–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. West C, McDowell J. The distress experienced by people with type 2 diabetes. Br J Commun Nurs. 2002;7(12):606–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Fisher L, Hessler DM, Polonsky WH, Mullan J. When is diabetes distress clinically meaningful?: establishing cut points for the Diabetes Distress Scale. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(2):259–64.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Rosenbek Minet LK, Wagner L, Lonvig EM, Hjelmborg J, Henriksen JE. The effect of motivational interviewing on glycaemic control and perceived competence of diabetes self-management in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus after attending a group education programme: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia. 2011;54(7):1620–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Psychological effects of continuous glucose monitoring in type 1-diabetes. Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin. 2009;30(4):458–69. Psychologische effekte der kontinuierlichen glukosemessung bei typ-1-diabetes.

  56. Due-Christensen M, Zoffmann V, Hommel E, Lau M. Can sharing experiences in groups reduce the burden of living with diabetes, regardless of glycaemic control? Diabet Med. 2012;29(2):251–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Fleer J, Tovote KA, Keers JC, Links TP, Sanderman R, Coyne JC, et al. Screening for depression and diabetes-related distress in a diabetes outpatient clinic. Diabet Med. 2013;30(1):88–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Krichbaum M, Kubiak T, Haak T. How to screen for depression and emotional problems in patients with diabetes: comparison of screening characteristics of depression questionnaires, measurement of diabetes-specific emotional problems and standard clinical assessment. Diabetologia. 2006;49(3):469–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Duda-Sobczak A, Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz D, Pisarczyk-Wiza D, Wierusz-Wysocka B. The assessment of factors related to depressive symptoms in adult patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2014; Conference: 50th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, EASD 2014, Vienna, Austria. Conference start: 20140915. Conference end: 9. Conference Publication: (var.pagings). 57 (1 SUPPL. 1) (pp. S420-S421).

  60. Kibbey KJ, Speight J, Wong JLA, Smith LA, Teede HJ. Diabetes care provision: barriers, enablers and service needs of young adults with type 1 diabetes from a region of social disadvantage. Diabet Med. 2013;30(7):878–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Gulde C, Eberle H, Pradler E, Patzelt-Bath A, et al. Short-term effects on patient satisfaction of continuous glucose monitoring with the GlucoDay with real-time and retrospective access to glucose values: a crossover study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009;11(5):275–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Nicolucci A, Kovacs Burns K, Holt R, Comaschi M, Hermanns N, Ishii H, et al. Diabetes attitudes, wishes and needs second study (DAWN2™): cross-national benchmarking of diabetes-related psychosocial outcomes for people with diabetes. Diabet Med. 2013;30(7):767–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Luyckx K, Rassart J, Weets I. Illness self-concept in type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional view on clinical, demographic, and psychosocial correlates. Psychol Health Med. 2015;20(1):77–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Brierley S, Johnson B, Young V, Eiser C, Heller S. The importance of measuring diabetes distress in young people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2012; Conference: Diabetes UK Professional Conference 2012, Glasgow, UK. Conference start: 20120307. Conference end: 9. Conference Publication: (var.pagings). 29 (p. 159).

  65. Joensen LE, Almdal TP, Willaing I. Type 1 diabetes and living without a partner: psychological and social aspects, self-management behaviour, and glycaemic control. Diabet Res Clin Pract. 2013;101(3):278–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Association AD. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(Supplement 1):S1–94.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Hajos T, Pouwer F, Skovlund S, Den Oudsten B, Geelhoed‐Duijvestijn P, Tack C, et al. Psychometric and screening properties of the WHO‐5 well‐being index in adult outpatients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2013;30(2):e63–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Pouwer F, Beekman AT, Lubach C, Snoek FJ. Nurses’ recognition and registration of depression, anxiety and diabetes-specific emotional problems in outpatients with diabetes mellitus. Patient Educ Couns. 2006;60(2):235–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Snoek FJ, Van Der Ven NCW, Lubach CHC, Chatrou M, Ader HJ, Heine RJ, et al. Effects of cognitive behavioural group training (CBGT) in adult patients with poorly controlled insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes: a pilot study. Patient Educ Couns. 2001;45(2):143–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Engel L, Cummins R. Impact of dose adjustment for normal eating in Australia (OzDAFNE) on subjective wellbeing, coping resources and negative affects in adults with type 1 diabetes: a prospective comparison study. Diabet Res Clin Pract. 2011;91(3):271–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hopkins D, Lawrence I, Mansell P, Thompson G, Amiel S, Campbell M, et al. Improved biomedical and psychological outcomes 1 year after structured education in flexible insulin therapy for people with type 1 diabetes: the U.K. DAFNE experience. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(8):1638–42.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Keen AJA, Duncan E, McKillop-Smith A, Evans ND, Gold AE. Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) in routine clinical practice: who benefits? Diabet Med. 2011;29(5):670–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. McIntyre HD, Knight BA, Harvey DM, Noud MN, Hagger VL, Gilshenan KS. Dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE)—an audit of outcomes in Australia. Med J Aust. 2010;192(11):637–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. DAFNE Study Group. Training in flexible, intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal. 2002;325(7367):746.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Snoek FJ, van der Ven NCW, Twisk JWR, Hogenelst MHE, Tromp-Wever AME, van der Ploeg HM, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) compared with blood glucose awareness training (BGAT) in poorly controlled type 1 diabetic patients: long-term effects on HbA moderated by depression. A randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med. 2008;25(11):1337–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Amsberg S, Anderbro T, Wredling R, Lisspers J, Lins PE, Adamson U, et al. A cognitive behavior therapy-based intervention among poorly controlled adult type 1 diabetes patients—a randomized controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns. 2009;77(1):72–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Zoffmann V, Lauritzen T. Guided self-determination improves life skills with type 1 diabetes and A1C in randomized controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns. 2006;64(1–3):78–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Zoffmann V, Vistisen D, Due-Christensen M. Flexible guided self-determination intervention for younger adults with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes, decreased HbA and psychosocial distress in women but not in men: a real-life RCT. Diabetic Medicine. 2015 Jan 19. This study provides information on gender differences in DD.

  79. Esbitt SA, Batchelder AW, Tanenbaum ML, Shreck E, Gonzalez JS. “Knowing that you’re not the only one”: perspectives on group-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for adherence and depression (CBT-AD) in adults with type 1 diabetes. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2014 (0).

  80. Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Ehrmann D, Bergis-Jurgan N, Haak T. The effect of a diabetes education programme (PRIMAS) for people with type 1 diabetes: results of a randomized trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;102(3):149–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Hermanns N, Schmitt A, Gahr A, Herder C, Nowotny B, Roden M, et al. The effect of a Diabetes-Specific Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Program (DIAMOS) for patients with diabetes and subclinical depression: results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(4):551–60. This study specifically targets diabetes distress in patients with co-morbid subclinical depression. DIAMOS intervention was efficacious, compared to controls, in treating sub-threshold depression and elevated diabetes distress more effectively than education alone. Additionally, it prevented deterioration from sub to major depression.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Hermanides J, Norgaard K, Bruttomesso D, Mathieu C, Frid A, Dayan CM, et al. Sensor-augmented pump therapy lowers HbA(1c) in suboptimally controlled type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med. 2011;28(10):1158–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Solomon P. Peer support/peer provided services underlying processes, benefits, and critical ingredients. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2004;27(4):392–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Fisher L, Skaff MM, Mullan JT, Arean P, Mohr D, Masharani U, et al. Clinical depression versus distress among patients with type 2 diabetes: not just a question of semantics. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(3):542–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Gonzalez JS, Delahanty LM, Safren SA, Meigs JB, Grant RW. Differentiating symptoms of depression from diabetes-specific distress: relationships with self-care in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2008;51(10):1822–5.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Hessler D, Fisher L, Glasgow RE, Strycker LA, Dickinson LM, Arean PA, et al. Reductions in regimen distress are associated with improved management and glycemic control over time. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(3):617–24. One of only two prospective studies of the association between DD and HbA1c that has established the nature of the longitudinal relationship between these variables.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

Conflict of Interest

Jackie Sturt, Kathryn Dennick and Kate McCarthy declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Mette Due-Christensen reports salary and research funding from Foundation of European Nurses in Diabetes (FEND) and salary from Steno Diabetes Centre. Dr. Due-Christensen is presently employed at Steno Diabetes Centre A/S. Steno Diabetes Centre is a research hospital and an integrated part of the public Danish National Health Service that is owned by Novo Nordisk A/S. Steno Diabetes Centre receives part of its core funding from unrestricted grants from the Novo Nordisk Foundation and Novo Nordisk A/S. Dr. Due-Christensen owns shares in Novo Nordisk. No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article exist.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King’s College London, James Clerk Maxwell Building, 57 Waterloo Rd, SE18WA, London, UK

    Jackie Sturt, Kathryn Dennick & Mette Due-Christensen

  2. University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, UK

    Kate McCarthy

  3. Health Promotion Research, Steno Diabetes Centre, Niels Steensens Vej 8, 2820, Gentofte, Denmark

    Mette Due-Christensen

Authors
  1. Jackie Sturt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kathryn Dennick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mette Due-Christensen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kate McCarthy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jackie Sturt.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sturt, J., Dennick, K., Due-Christensen, M. et al. The Detection and Management of Diabetes Distress in People With Type 1 Diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 15, 101 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-015-0660-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-015-0660-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation